Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where prehospital delays and geographic barriers may adversely impact outcomes. Methods: This retrospective study included 1068 consecutive patients with severe TBI (admission Glasgow Coma Scale GCS < 9) admitted to Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, in 2024. Variables were incident-to-presentation delay, distance, in-hospital timings to surgery, severity markers, mortality, and discharge Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Patients were stratified by urban or rural area according to the place of incident. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and multivariable logistic regression. Results: = 0.69). Multivariable analysis demonstrated no independent association between geographic factors and mortality after adjustment for injury severity. Conclusions: Significant disparities in prehospital access were observed; however, no independent association between geographic factors and in-hospital mortality among admitted patients was identified. Functional outcomes remained poor.
Shah et al. (2026) studied this question.