Electromagnetic methods for development and production: State of the art

Electrical and electromagnetic methods are a natural addition to the toolbox of a development and production geophysicist because formation resistivity is a strong function of the reservoir fluid saturation and temperature. Unfortunately, the high degree of cultural noise in developed oil fields has limited the use of surface electrical techniques, and the preponderance of steel well casings has limited the deployment of borehole tools in completed wells. The result is that, with the exception of open-hole logging, electrical methods are not routinely used in oil fields after the exploration phase is complete.