Formalization of authority condition using protocols, highlighting governance failures in any context.
This document presents Lemma C (Ghost Authority), structural result within the Three Primitives framework. The lemma formalizes the condition under which authority is exercised without explicit human declaration when a protocol is treated as the source of a decision. It provides a diagnostic Ownership Test for identifying governance failures arising from undeclared authority, independent of institutional context or outcome evaluation.
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Gildenston et al. (2026) studied this question.
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