Advances in the Association Between the ADRB2 Gene and Bronchial Asthma: Genetic Polymorphisms, Epigenetic Regulation, and Clinical Applications

Bronchial asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease with a complex etiology, wherein the interaction between genetic and environmental factors plays a critical role in its pathogenesis. The β-2 adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2) is pivotal in regulating airway smooth muscle relaxation. Its genetic polymorphisms have been extensively studied and are closely associated with asthma susceptibility, clinical phenotypes, and drug responses. Recently, the relationship between major single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ADRB2 gene and bronchodilator efficacy, alongside its transcriptional regulation and epigenetic modification mechanisms, has been progressively elucidated. Furthermore, ADRB2 genotype-guided therapeutic strategies have shown potential clinical and economic value in selected studies, but they remain exploratory and have not yet been incorporated into routine guideline-based asthma management algorithms. This review summarizes recent advances in the role of the ADRB2 gene concerning genetic susceptibility, disease phenotyping, environmental interactions, and immune regulation in asthma, aiming to provide theoretical support and clinical guidance for precision diagnosis and treatment.