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Study investigated impacts of refractory types on inclusion formation in Al-killed steel, suggesting important refining implications.
This study investigated the effects of refractories (MgO vs. Al 2 O 3 ) on the cleanliness and inclusion evolution in Al-killed steel during refining with a CaO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 slag (56.9% CaO, 35.0% Al 2 O 3 , 8.1% SiO 2 ), combining laboratory experiments with thermodynamic calculations. The results show that with MgO crucibles, total oxygen and sulphur contents in steel remained low (6–8 and 4–5 ppm), and inclusions were CaO-Al 2 O 3 -MgO and MgO·Al 2 O 3 -based; area fraction and average size decreased with refining time. With Al 2 O 3 crucibles, total oxygen and sulphur contents increased to 13–16 and 30–46 ppm, respectively, and sulphur reversion occurred. Inclusions were CaO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 -based, reaching minimum area fractions after 60 min of refining. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that the dissolution of MgO crucibles enhanced the slag's absorption capacity for CaO·2Al 2 O 3 inclusions, while inhibiting the absorption of MgO and MgO·Al 2 O 3 inclusions. Conversely, Al 2 O 3 crucible dissolution weakened the slag's absorption capacity for calcium aluminate, MgO·Al 2 O 3 , and Al 2 O 3 inclusions.
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Zhong et al. (2026) studied this question.
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