Abstract Active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback plays a significant role in many aspects of galaxy formation and evolution and has become a key ingredient in cosmological simulations. However, the subgrid models of AGN feedback in cosmological simulations such as IllustrisTNG (hereafter TNG) often overlook recent progress in the small-scale modelling of black hole (BH) accretion and AGN physics. In this study, we improve on this by incorporating central aspects of the MACER model, a framework that treats AGN physics in greater detail, into the TNG feedback implementation. Specifically, we adopt MACER-prescriptions for feedback output for high and low accretion rates in a new model while the estimation of the accretion rate remains unchanged. We test this updated scenario both for idealized elliptical galaxies and for a cosmological box. Compared to the original TNG model, the MACER-based simulation leads to a higher star formation rate (SFR) and BH accretion rate in ellipticals, yielding a gas density profile in better agreement with observations. In the cosmological simulations, the time evolution of the SFR density, galaxy stellar mass function at z = 0, and M⋆ − MBH relation at M⋆ 1010.5 M⊙ are similar in both models. The MACER model better reproduces low-mass BHs in low-mass galaxies, and yields milder quenching in massive galaxies, although this is accompanied by the absence of a pronounced colour bimodality. Still, the similarity of the outcomes underlines the self-regulated nature of BH feedback: for different feedback energetics, the accretion rate tends to adjust such that a similar total AGN feedback energy is released.
Zhu et al. (2026) studied this question.