Adsorptive removal of methylene blue using water hyacinth roots: batch and column adsorption, kinetics, isotherm and ANN-GA modeling, scale-up, phytotoxicity, and disposal pathways.

= 0.96) showing the strongest agreement with experimental data. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) was employed to accurately predict adsorption performance. Phytotoxicity tests of the treated effluent confirmed reduced toxicity, underscoring the environmental safety of the process. Overall, the findings establish water hyacinth root as a promising green adsorbent for the remediation of industrial dyes, with clear potential for scale-up.