Widespread gyrovirus co-infections in backyard chickens in Türkiye: molecular and Phylogenetic insights.

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Heatmap and stacked bar chart illustrating the prevalence and distribution of six gyroviruses in backyard chickens across five provinces (Sivas, Elazığ, Malatya, Tunceli, and Bingöl). (a) The heatmap represents percentage positivity rates for each virus by province and (b) stacked bar chart shows the numerical distribution of virus-positive samples, highlighting differences in single and multiple infections among provinces

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  Fig. 2. (a) Pie chart illustrating the proportion of single and multiple gyrovirus infections detected in backyard chickens, including single, dual, triple, quadruple, quintuple, and sextuple infection patterns. (b) UpSet plot depicting the intersection sizes and co-occurrence patterns among five detected gyroviruses (CAV, AGyV2, GyV4, GyVTu789, and GyV7), highlighting the most frequent virus combinations observed in the sampled population

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  Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) based on the VP1 gene sequences. Isolates clustered into the three major genotypes: Genotype 1 (green branches), Genotype 2a/2b (orange-red branches), and Genotype 3a/3b (blue-navyblue branches). Black-filled circles indicate the CAV field strains obtained in this study. The tree demonstrates the evolutionary relationships between Turkish CAV isolates and global reference sequences

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  Fig. 4. Multiple sequence alignment based on the deduced amino acid sequences of the VP1 gene. The alignment includes all Turkish strains identified in this study together with selected reference strains retrieved from GenBank. The hypervariable region (HVR) is indicated by a boxed area

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  Fig. 5. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of avian gyrovirus 2 (AGyV2) constructed based on partial VP1 sequences. The tree reveals three major clades (Clade 1–3), in agreement with previously reported classifications. Sequences generated in this study are indicated by black circles

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  Fig. 6. Maximum likelihood phylogenies of Gyrovirus 3, 4, GyVTu789 and GyV7 (a–d). Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using the maximum likelihood method, with the best-fit nucleotide substitution models selected by Find Best Model (K2P + G). Each panel represents a distinct Gyrovirus type: (a) Gyrovirus 3, (b) Gyrovirus 4, (c) GyVTu789, and (d) GyV7. Bootstrap values (≥ 70%) are shown at major nodes