Comparative, experimentally grounded evidence for selecting smart city IoT data-layer architectures remains limited, complicating practical design decisions. This study provides an applied architecture decision-making guide by evaluating seven serverless data-layer architectures within a clearly defined service boundary (The Things Network, Azure-managed ingestion services, and Delta Lake persistence on object storage). Using a 21-day pilot deployment with nine LoRaWAN sensors, we compare ingestion completeness, median ingestion latency (estimated from TTN receive timestamps to Delta Lake commit times), cloud costs within an explicit boundary (ingestion, compute, and storage), and implementation/operational complexity proxies. Under the observed workload, TTN Storage Integration offers the lowest-cost archival ingestion via batching, Event Grid provides the most cost-effective near-real-time option among reliable pipelines, and Event Hubs demonstrates the highest ingestion completeness. The results are synthesized into practical guidance that maps common smart city application requirements to appropriate serverless ingestion patterns.
Sobral et al. (Fri,) studied this question.