Improvement of counter-sanction legislation and law enforcement in the oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation

The subject of the study is the counter-sanctions legislation of the Russian Federation and the practice of its application in the oil and gas industry. The focus is not only on special economic measures, but also on their impact on contractual relations, settlements, jurisdictional issues and the sustainability of the legal status of Russian companies. The author considers the oil and gas sector as an area in which sanctions restrictions affect both public and private law relations. Particular attention is paid to how mandatory prohibitions, sanctions clauses, judicial protection mechanisms and risk allocation rules interact in cross-border contracts. The study aims to identify the structural limitations of the current regulatory model and to identify those elements that hinder the formation of a predictable and internally consistent legal regime. The paper uses formal legal, system-structural and comparative legal methods, as well as elements of functional and predictive analysis to assess the consequences of the proposed solutions. The scientific novelty of the study is that the sanctions sustainability of the oil and gas industry is revealed as a complex legal regime, rather than as a set of disparate retaliatory measures. The author shows that the effectiveness of counter-sanctions regulation depends on the consistency of three elements: regulatory structure, contractual mechanisms for risk redistribution and procedural ways to protect Russian participants in the turnover. The article concludes that the current model is highly adaptable, but retains a mosaic, insufficient industry tuning and heterogeneity of law enforcement criteria. The article substantiates the need for a framework systematization of counter-sanctions norms, a clearer assessment of sanctions clauses, the development of judicial clarifications and the use of soft regulatory tools. It is also shown that the proposed measures should be implemented taking into account the risk of excessive rigidity, declarativeness and reduced contractual predictability.