Integration of MOF‐on‐MOF‐Derived Core–Shell CoFe@Fe ₃ Mo ₃ C with Graphene Oxide@Carbon Nanobubbles for Highly Selective Detection of Flutamide

C/GO@CNB/GCE electrochemical sensor for Flu detection. Owing to the composite's outstanding conductivity and electrocatalytic activity, the sensor exhibited a wide linear range of 5.0 nm-10.0 µm and an ultralow detection limit of 3.4 nm. Density functional theory calculations showed that the composite possesses the strongest adsorption energy for Flu (-1.50 eV) and elucidated the electrochemical reaction mechanism. The sensor achieved recoveries of 96%-105% in water sample analysis, demonstrating its practical applicability. This study highlights the significant potential of integrating core-shell MOF-on-MOF-derived alloy carbide materials with 2D conductive carbon nanomaterials for environmental analysis.