Urban flooding has become a recurring and critical challenge due to rapid urbanization, inadequate drainage infrastructure, and unpredictable climate conditions. This paper presents an enhanced Smart Flood Water Evacuation System based on an ESP32 (NodeMCU-32) IoT platform integrated with analog float sensors and a three-tank sequential water routing mechanism. The proposed system continuously monitors water levels in three independent storage tanks using calibrated analog sensors with a 15-sample averaging filter for noise-free readings. An automatic relay-based pump control activates or deactivates each motor based on predefined threshold levels (safe: 30%, warning: 60%, critical: forced ON). Floodwater is intelligently routed through Tank 1, Tank 2, and Tank 3 sequentially before being diverted to the outlet, enabling water conservation and reuse. Real-time sensor data and system status are published to a HiveMQ cloud-based MQTT broker over a secure TLS connection, enabling remote monitoring and manual override via any MQTT-compatible dashboard. An integrated battery management module automatically controls the charging relay based on voltage thresholds, ensuring sustainable solar-powered operation. Experimental results demonstrate high detection accuracy, sub-second MQTT latency, and reliable autonomous operation. The proposed system is low-cost, scalable, and practically deployable in urban flood-prone areas.
Abinaya et al. (Thu,) studied this question.