To explore a gradient design that enhances the longevity of Zn metal anodes under high operational conditions.
Development of a bottom-up gradient design for Zn metal anodes.
Assessment of performance under high currents and capacities.
Evaluation of long-cycle-life capability compared to existing methods.
Demonstrated substantial improvement in cycle life for Zn metal anodes.
Gradient engineering showed effectiveness over traditional designs.
Validated performance at elevated operational conditions.
Abstract
, substantially outperforming existing approaches. This work establishes gradient engineering as an effective and widely applicable strategy for enabling long-life metal anodes.