Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied to biomedical research and public healthcare. However, concerns regarding security are arising, due to risks such as data leaks. This study investigates the perspectives of neurological donor patients (dNP), healthy biobank donors (dHV), and non-donor volunteers (ndHV) on the use of their clinical, biochemical and genetic data in the context of AI-powered biomedical research. A total of 115 subjects were surveyed (21 dNP, 17 dHV and 77 ndHV) on self-reported digital literacy; willingness to authorize data use (clinical, biochemical, genetic) for AI; acceptance of AI support in healthcare in diagnostic and therapeutic settings; use of data for AI training in medical research, by using supervised or non-supervised methods, inside or outside the European data space. Across all groups, high familiarity with digital technologies, low knowledge of AI risks, and strong optimism towards potential outcomes of AI were observed, together with high concern regarding data misuse among dNP with respect to ndHV and dHV (65, 48, and 20%, respectively; p < 0.05). A strong correlation between high digital competence and both increased risk awareness (p = 0.0003) and marked optimism regarding research outcomes (p = 0.0009) were observed. Most participants (92% of dNP, 94% of dHV and 82% of ndHV) would disclose the use of at least one kind of data, but ndHV were significantly less prone regarding the use of all types of data (28%) with a significant difference for only genetic (1%), with willingness to share clinical data significantly increased with higher level of digitalization (p = 0.008). In clinical setting, dNP are statistically favorable towards authorizing data for the adoption of AI for diagnostic (p = 0.04) and therapeutic (p = 0.02) decisions. Furthermore, ndHV were less likely to authorize data use for AI training, particularly for unsupervised AI. Results show the attitudes in authorizing the use of own data for AI based medical research seems to be linked to digital competence, but also to trust and clinical engagement. To facilitate the transition towards a healthcare system that leverages AI, health policies should not be limited to bridging the digital divide, but also actively invest in strengthening the doctor-patient relationship and ensuring transparency in care processes and data use in research.
Grimaldi et al. (2026) studied this question.