ORR. In addition, -CN incorporation and para-regulation effectively lower the rate-limiting energy barriers, strengthening interfacial electron transfer. Dynamic proton reservoir behavior further endows the system with broad pH adaptability, maintaining stable local proton levels throughout the reaction. This work highlights the importance of condensation center regulation in programming reactant activation and charge transfer behavior, providing a design principle for advanced COPs in artificial photosynthesis.
Qin et al. (2026) studied this question.