Occurrence of typical antibiotics, representative antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and genes in fresh and stored source-separated human urine

copies/mL, respectively. When the fresh urine was stored in an ambient environment for 30 days to simulate the real circumstances of urine management, a significant reduction in antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria was observed, while the change in antibiotic-resistant genes was insignificant. The results of this study suggest that risks associated with antibiotics and their antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes are retained during collection and storage. Hence, these kinds of microcontaminants must be considered in further urine utilization.