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BACKGROUND: , to improve endodontic treatment protocols. METHODS: -test and ANOVA. RESULTS: , significantly reducing planktonic growth and CFUs. Membrane assays showed increased permeability and depolarization, indicating damage. HR-SEM revealed morphological changes, such as pore formation, while confocal microscopy showed a reduction in biofilm mass and extracellular substances. Gene expression analysis indicated the downregulation of virulence genes and upregulation of stress response genes. CONCLUSIONS: at multiple levels, from membrane disruption to gene expression modulation, affecting mature biofilm. These findings support the refinement of endodontic disinfection protocols to reduce microbial persistence.
Sebbane et al. (Tue,) studied this question.