The behavior of the cavity resonance in open tubes of barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate ceramic immersed in water has been studied both experimentally and theoretically for a range of length-to-radius ratios (h/a). Particular emphasis is given to tubes of small h/a where the cavity-resonant frequency is near the ring-resonant frequency of the tube, and close coupling is observed between the two modes. A coaxial line array of such elements, which has been built and tested, exhibits a high efficiency over a wide frequency band. Since no pressure release is used in its construction, this transducer is promising as a lightweight, high-power sound source for operation at great depths in the ocean.
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G. W. McMahon (1964) studied this question.
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