Ultrasound-Induced Microbubble Cavitation for the Treatment of Catheterization-Induced Vasospasm

Figure 1. Changes in Femoral Angiographic Lumen Size (A, B) The angiographic lumen size of the femoral artery (white arrows) (from the site of injury to the popliteal artery) was measured before and after randomized treatments. The degree of CIV was similar in the pigs pre-treated with L-NAME (B). CIV = catheter-induced vasospasm; L-NAME = N (ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; MB = microbubble; US = ultrasound.

Figure 2. Femoral and Popliteal Artery Imaging and Doppler Measurements (A to C) The Doppler peak velocity (Vmax) and velocity time integral (VTI) in the popliteal artery were measured before and after randomized treatments. The injured femoral artery was imaged as well.

Figure 3. Femoral Artery Imaging During US+MB Treatment Images of the femoral artery (from the site of injury to the popliteal artery) during microbubble treatment, with and without application of high mechanical index impulses. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

Figure 4. Angiographic and Doppler Changes in L-NAME Group Versus Other Groups Changes in angiographic diameters and Doppler flow parameters before and after needle injury (pre-treatment) in the L-NAME group pigs versus the other groups not pre-treated with L-NAME (combined for the sake of comparison). Note the percentage change in angiographic diameter, VTI, and Vmax is not different between the groups. Abbreviations as in Figures 1 and 2.