Sex Differences in Heart Failure Following Acute Coronary Syndromes

Figures

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  Figure 1. Sequential Inverse Probability Weighting: Effect of Medications Use on the Risk of Heart Failure at Presentation or 30-Day Mortality in Patient With Acute Coronary Syndromes: Risk Ratios for Women vs Men The following covariates are sequentially included in the adjusted models. Baseline: Adjusted model for baseline characteristics including age, cardiovascular risk factors, history of coronary heart disease, history of cardiovascular disease, and clinical characteristics (covariates reported in Table 1). Model 1: Adjusted baseline model, plus medications administered on admission (nitrates, inotropes, diuretics, digoxin, aspirin, clopidogrel, heparins, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Model 2: Adjusted Model 1, plus medications administered during hospital stay (ACE inhibitors/Angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers). ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme.

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  Figure 2. Inverse Probability Weighting: Heart Failure Risk Stratified According to Time to Hospital Admission in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes: Risk Ratios for Women vs Men Influence of delay to hospital presentation on outcomes. Outcomes in patients with time from symptom onset to hospital presentation ≥120 minutes vs <120 minutes were examined. Horizontal lines indicate corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the corresponding risk ratio. ACS = acute coronary syndrome; NSTE-ACS = non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; STEMI = ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

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  Figure 3. Clinical Factors Associated With Development of Heart Failure in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: Multivariable Analysis Adjusted model for baseline characteristics including age, cardiovascular risk factors, history of coronary heart disease, history of cardiovascular disease, and clinical characteristics (covariates reported in Table 1). Horizontal lines indicate corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the corresponding risk ratios. MI = myocardial infarction.

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  Figure 4. Clinical Factors Associated With 30-Day Mortality in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: Multivariable Analysis Adjusted model for baseline characteristics including age, cardiovascular risk factors, history of coronary heart disease, history of cardiovascular disease, and clinical characteristics (covariates reported in Table 1). Horizontal lines indicate corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the corresponding odds ratios. PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.

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  Central Illustration. Sex Differences in Acute Ischemic Heart Failure and Impact on Clinical Outcomes The Central Illustration shows the absolute risk and risk ratios between women and men for 30-day mortality and acute heart failure, stratified by type of ACS presentation. Among the 56,890 men and 30,922 women included in the study, female patients had a higher 30-day mortality and acute heart failure risk, especially after STEMI. Figure created with BioRender.com.