ABSTRACT Heat transmission is enhanced when nanoparticles are mixed with a base liquid. Nanotechnology influences several fields, such as physics, industry, and medicine. Because of their exceptional thermal conductivity, hybrid nanofluids are frequently utilized in heat exchangers and other thermal applications. In this work, non‐Fourier flux and linear heat radiation are incorporated into the analysis of the three‐dimensional ternary hybrid nanofluid (Fe 3 O 4 + Diamond + TiO 2 /H 2 O) in a rectangular closed domain. Water containing titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles, iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ), and diamond was examined over a stretched surface. Nonlinear ODEs are framed from the governing PDEs and further solved using MATLAB's BVP4C solver. The impact of changing factors on temperature and flow is investigated. It is noticed that decreasing dimensionless velocities and temperature distributions for higher nanoparticle volume fractions. A higher volume fraction (ϕ) affects friction and heat transmission, and essential fluid temperatures at 10°C and 50°C are used in the simulations.
Kumar et al. (2026) studied this question.