Figure 1. Study Population and Outcomes (A) Study flowchart and baseline characteristics. (B) Longitudinal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) changes (solid lines represent mean values and shaded areas indicate 95% CIs), incidence of LVEF normalization, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves for all-cause mortality and composite endpoint in patients treated with conduction system pacing (CSP) vs biventricular pacing (BVP). P values indicate comparisons between the 2 groups. The time-by-group interaction of longitudinal LVEF changes was evaluated using a linear mixed-effects model with random intercepts for subjects. Degrees of freedom were estimated using Satterthwaite’s method. The time-by-group interaction was statistically significant in an unadjusted model (P = 0.013) and a model adjusted for age, sex, and baseline QRS duration (P = 0.012). The clinical outcomes are presented as Kaplan-Meier curves, and significance was assessed using log-rank tests. ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI = angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor.
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