Thermodynamic and shadow analysis of Dehnen type dark matter Halo corrected Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by thin disk

Abstract In this work, the Schwarzschild black hole immersed in a Dehnen-type dark matter halo is considered for analyzing its various properties such as thermodynamics (through various entropies), shadow and optical appearance. For this purpose, we analytically describe the thermodynamic characteristics of BHs, like heat capacity and Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy, to study the local and global stability of such BHs by utilizing different entropy models. We also investigate the sparsity of Hawking radiations and found that the halo core radius and density are key factors determining the sparsity of this black hole. Astrophysical BHs are believed to be surrounded by luminous accretion disks. By considering the geometrically and optically thin accretion flow around the Schwarzschild black hole immersed in a Dehnen-type dark matter halo, we investigate the shadow and optical appearance of such a black hole. We show that in addition to the structure of the space-time geometry, the black hole’s image depends on the location of the accretion disk. By analyzing three specific radii, we determine the impact of direct emissions, photon rings, and lensing rings on the total intensity. The results indicate that direct emissions dominate the intensity while lensing and photon rings contribute minimally.