Shiga and Shiga-like toxins

Introduction ........................ 206 Shiga Toxin in Shigella Spp. ........................ 207 History ........................ 207 Purification and Structure ........................ 207 Mode of Action ........................ 208 Receptor binding and internalization ........................ 208 Inhibition of protein synthesis ........................ 209 Immunology and Immunochemistry ........................ 209 Genetics ........................ 210 Role of Toxin in Disease ........................ 210 Dysentery ........................ 210 Diarrhea ........................210 HUS ........................ 211 Shiga-like toxins in E. Coli ........................ 211 History and Nomenclature ........................ 211 Discovery that EPEC and EHEC make Shiga-like toxins ........................ 211 Relationship of Shiga-like toxins to Vero toxins ........................ 212 Purification and Structure ........................ 212 Mode of Action ........................ 212 Immunology and Immunochemistry........................ 213 Genetics and Regulation ....................... 213 Role in Disease ........................ 215 Epidemiological evidence ........................ 215 Animal models ........................ 215 Shiga-like toxins in other bacteria ........................ 216 Conclusion ........................ 216 Acknowledgements .................................... . 216 Literature Cited .................................... 217