FR-1V, a fluorene-based aldehydic chromophore, binds its target protein as an imine to yield a highly bathochromic pigment, CF-2, a prototypic protein-dye tagging system whose NIR emission can be spatiotemporally switched ON by rapid UV-light activation. This is achieved through photoisomerization of the imine and its subsequent protonation. We demonstrate a no-wash protocol for live cell imaging of subcellular compartments in a variety of mammalian cell lines with minimal fluorescence background.
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Sheng et al. (2018) studied this question.