Advances in Niobium-Based Dichalcogenides for High-Performance Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Niobium-based transition-metal dichalcogenides (Nb-TMDs), such as NbS2, NbSe2, and NbTe2, have attracted attention as promising 2D materials due to their distinctive layered structures, metallic conductivity, and tunable electrochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the synthesis, structural characteristics, and electrochemical performance of Nb-TMDs in rechargeable battery systems. We start by exploring the fundamental structural properties of NbS2, NbSe2, and NbTe2, then proceed to a detailed analysis of both top-down and bottom-up synthesis methods. The electrochemical behavior of Nb-TMDs is systematically examined across various battery types, including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and potassium-ion batteries, with emphasis on their roles as cathodes, anodes, and intercalation hosts. Additionally, we review recent advances in controlling morphology, surface chemistry, and hybrid architectures to improve energy density, rate performance, and cycling stability. The review concludes with insights into the future challenges and research opportunities for developing practical energy storage devices based on Nb-TMDs. This work aims to connect synthesis approaches with energy applications, providing insights for the rational design of next-generation battery materials. Comprehensive overview of Nb-based TMDs (NbS2, NbSe2, NbTe2) covering their crystal structures, intrinsic metallic conductivity, and tunable electrochemical properties for next-generation rechargeable batteries. Systematic comparison of synthesis strategies, including top-down exfoliation and bottom-up growth, with a clear correlation between morphology control, surface chemistry, and electrochemical performance improvements. Critical evaluation of Nb-TMDs in Li-ion, Na-ion, and K-ion batteries, outlining their roles as electrodes/intercalation hosts and identifying key challenges and future directions for practical energy-storage applications.