A Perspective on the Role of Gas Hydrates in Carbon Capture, Transport, and Sequestration

Gas hydrate-based carbon capture, transport, and sequestration (GH–CCS) has emerged as a promising alternative for mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Gas hydrates selectively encapsulate CO2 within crystalline water frameworks under moderate pressure and temperature conditions, offering advantages such as solvent-free operation, high selectivity, and inherent stability for long-term storage. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of GH–CCS across the entire process chain, including CO2 capture, transport, and sequestration. Recent advances in hydrate-based separation from fuel gas (CO2/H2) and flue gas (CO2/N2) streams are discussed, with emphasis on phase behavior, promoters, and reactor design. Developments in hydrate-based CO2 transport are examined, focusing on slurry transport, rheology, and flow assurance challenges. Sequestration strategies in marine sediments, geological formations, and permafrost regions are also reviewed, including CO2–CH4 exchange mechanisms. Key technical and economic challenges such as hydrate formation kinetics, energy requirements, scale-up feasibility, and long-term storage stability are critically assessed, and future research directions are outlined.