A Literature Review on Efficacy of Strength and Balance Training in Preventing Osteoporosis in Peri-Menopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density

Background: Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a significant health concern among older adults, particularly women. Studies indicate that osteoporosis affects approximately one in four women over the age of 50, with bone loss accelerating during and after menopause due to declining estrogen levels. This hormonal change leads to reduced bone formation, increased bone resorption, and higher fracture risk. Peripheral DXA measures bone mineral content and density by analyzing differential attenuation of X-rays. Research suggests that exercise especially weight-bearing and high-impact activities can play a vital role in maintaining BMD, although its benefits are often modest. Perimenopausal women are at a crucial stage where preventive strategies, including targeted exercise and lifestyle interventions, may effectively reduce the future risk of osteoporosis.Aim: This study aimed to evaluate strategies to prevent osteoporosis in perimenopausal women by exploring the potential of exercise interventions to maintain bone health during this transitional stage.Search Method: Relevant literature was searched through PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate.Selection Criteria: Articles were included based on the inclusion criteria focusing on perimenopausal women, assessed BMD changes and examined exercise interventions for preventing osteoporosis.Objective: This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of strength, balance, and other exercise-based interventions in reducing bone mineral density (BMD) loss among perimenopausal women with low BMD. It further examined the impact of various exercise modalities—such as resistance, weight-bearing, high-impact, and balance training—on musculoskeletal health, fall prevention, and functional outcomes. Additionally, the review sought to identify optimal non-pharmacological exercise strategies to lower the future risk of osteoporosis in this population.Results: The findings indicate that many women choose alternative therapies to manage osteoporosis symptoms due to concerns about the side effects of hormonal and non-hormonal medications. Exercise has emerged as a key non-pharmacological approach to support bone health. The reviewed studies collectively suggest that strength and balance training can have beneficial effects in preventing osteoporosisConclusion: Evidence from reviewed studies shows that perimenopausal women experience a marked decline in BMD due to hormonal changes, particularly estrogen deficiency. Weight-bearing and resistance exercises, when performed regularly, can slow bone loss and improve musculoskeletal strength, reducing fracture risk in later life. Therefore, early intervention during perimenopause is essential to preserve bone mass and promote healthier aging among women.