Recent advances in health hazard and risk assessment nanoparticles

significantly improve human health through innovative approaches in drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions. This review is based on the hypothesis that while nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique physicochemical properties—such as small size (<100 nm), high surface area, and enhanced biological permeability—that make them highly effective biomedical tools, these same properties may also induce unintended toxicological effects. We systematically analyzed recent experimental and in vitro/in vivo studies investigating NP applications and toxicity mechanisms. Our findings reveal a dual nature of nanomaterials: they offer advanced therapeutic capabilities but can also trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage, particularly for particles smaller than 50 nm. Furthermore, the review identifies significant regulatory and analytical gaps that hinder comprehensive nanotoxicity assessment. These insights underscore the urgent need for a balanced, safety-oriented design framework to maximize clinical efficacy while minimizing health risks in future nanomedicine application