Failure Mechanisms of Satellite Radio Frequency Modules in Extreme Environments: Challenges and Future Trends

Satellite communication greatly extends the reach and functionality of terrestrial communication networks, providing indispensable applications in defense, security, transportation, science, and technology. However, communication satellites operating in low Earth orbits face harsh space environments that severely affect their service life and reliability. The radio frequency (RF) module constitutes the core architecture of satellites, and its reliability directly determines overall satellite performance. While existing research has predominantly focused on the failure mechanisms of power amplifiers, investigations into the failure behaviors of other RF components—such as filters, frequency converters, and connectors—remain comparatively fragmented. Moreover, a comprehensive and systematic review addressing the RF module from a holistic, cross-component perspective is notably absent in the current literature. Therefore, this study comprehensively reviews existing studies on the reliability of spaceborne electronic components, highlighting both commonalities and differences in their failure mechanisms. Particular attention is given to in-orbit failure mechanisms of critical components, including power amplifiers, frequency converters, filters, and RF connectors. From the perspective of electronic components, this study assesses the in-orbit service capability, reliability, and lifespan of communication satellites. Finally, it identifies key challenges in ensuring the reliability of satellite electronic components and proposes future research directions and technical strategies for improvement. This study provides systematic insights for researchers in satellite communication RF modules and establishes a foundation for further advancements in the field.