Clinicians’ attitudes to evolutionary versus genetic explanations for anxiety: cluster-randomised study of stigmatisation

BACKGROUND: Explanatory frameworks for mental disorders influence stigmatisation and clinical attitudes. Mechanistic biological explanations often yield negative effects on prognostic optimism and empathy. Evolutionary framings might reduce stigma, but this has rarely been tested empirically. AIMS: To experimentally test whether a brief educational intervention presenting an evolutionary explanation of anxiety, compared with a genetic explanation, would influence clinicians' attitudes in directions consistent with anti-stigma goals. METHOD: In this pre-registered, multi-site, cluster-randomised trial, 171 practising mental health clinicians across the UK and Ireland were randomised by session to receive a 30 min educational presentation on either evolutionary or genetic explanations for anxiety. Pre- and post-session questionnaires assessed clinicians' optimism regarding patient recovery, perceived efficacy of psychosocial interventions, expected patient willingness to share diagnosis and seek help and perceived usefulness of the information. Data were analysed using Bayesian cumulative ordinal regression models. RESULTS: = 0.25 s.d., 95% credible interval [0.01, 0.49]). These effects were driven by both positive pre-post effects of evolutionary education and negative pre-post effects of genetic education compared with pre-education baseline. Exploratory analysis showed further anti-stigma effects. CONCLUSIONS: Framing anxiety through an evolutionary lens substantially improved clinicians' attitudes on various measures of stigmatisation compared with genetic explanations, and was rated as highly useful for both clinicians and patients.