Examining the relationship between employment and self-efficacy among women on probation and parole.

= 349). Results suggested that parole and probation status and prior violent or drug-related convictions were not predictive of changes in the overall general sense of self-efficacy. However, women who gained or maintained employment reported increases in self-efficacy while women who lost employment or whose employment was reduced from full- to part-time reported decreases in self-efficacy. This research emphasizes the importance of employment in general self-efficacy. Implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).