Engineering High-Resolution Micropatterns Directly onto Titanium with Optimized Contact Guidance to Promote Osteogenic Differentiation and Bone Regeneration

, microcomputed tomography and histological analyses show that the optimized pattern can apparently stimulate new bone formation. This study not only offers a microfabrication method that can be extended to fabricate various shape- and size-controlled micropatterns on titanium alloys but also provides insight into the surface structure design of orthopedic and dental implants for enhanced bone regeneration.