The paper examines the role and fate of foreign doctors who were interned in the Spanish concentration camp Miranda de Ebro. It shows that Spain played an unstable and paradoxical role during World War II: While it took action against some Spanish doctors who had not supported the “national” side during the Spanish Civil War, it allowed other foreign doctors who had fled the Nazis to seek refuge on Spanish territory. While Spanish doctors fought as volunteers under the Nazi flag in the service of the German army in the war against the Soviet Union, Spanish diplomats abroad rescued Jewish doctors from deportation to extermination camps.
Esther Cuerda Galindo (2026) studied this question.