Global climate diplomacy faces challenges in consensus-building and insufficient commitments to limit warming.
The 31st Conference of the Parties (COP31) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) arrives at a defining moment in human history. Following the findings of the first Global Stocktake (GST) and the establishment of the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance, the global community faces a stark reality: current commitments are insufficient to limit global warming to the critical 1.5°C threshold.
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Alpay et al. (2026) studied this question.
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