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Abstract Background Energy systems, as critical infrastructures (CI), constitute Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS). Due to their inherent complexity and the importance of service continuity of CIs, digitization in this context encounters significant practical challenges. Digital Twins (DT) have emerged over the recent years as a promising solution for managing CPSSs by facilitating real-time interaction, synchronization, and control of physical assets. The selection of an appropriate architectural framework is crucial in constructing a DT, to ensure integration of enabling technologies and data from diverse sources. Objectives This study proposes a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to examine technological enablers, design choices, management strategies and Computational Challenges of DTs in Smart Energy Systems (SES) by also analyzing existing architectures and identifying key components. Methods The SLR follows a rigorous workflow exploiting a multi-database search with predefined eligibility criteria, accompanied by advanced searching techniques, such as manual screening of results and a documented search strategy, in order to ensure its comprehensiveness and reliability, More specifically, research questions are first defined and then submitted as queries to scientific digital libraries (i.e., IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and WoS) selected due to their coverage and reliability (Google Scholar was excluded for the presence of grey literature and non-peer-reviewed material). Then, inclusion and exclusion criteria are established to filter the results and shortlist the significant publications. Subsequently, relevant data are extracted, summarized, and categorized in order to identify common themes, existing gaps, and future research directions, with the aim of providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of DTs for SESs. Results From the proposed DT-based solutions described in the selected publications, the adopted architectures are examined and categorized depending on their logical building blocks, microservices, enabling technologies, human–machine interfaces (HMI), artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) implementations, data flow and data persistence choices, and Internet-of-Things (IoT) components involved. Additionally, the integration of edge-cloud computing and IoT technologies in literature are studied and discussed. Finally, gaps, opportunities, future study lines, and challenges of implementing DTs are thoroughly addressed. The results achieved also pave the way for a forthcoming design pattern catalog for DTs in CPSSs capable of supporting the engineering and research communities, by offering practical insights on implementation and integration aspects. Conclusion The proposed SLR provides a valuable resource for designing and implementing DTs of CPSSs in general and of SESs in particular. Furthermore, it highlights the potential benefits of adopting DTs to manage complex energy systems and it identifies areas for future research.
Ardebili et al. (Tue,) studied this question.