Low educational level is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, but the factors underlying this relationship are still discussed. Until now, there is no convincing evidence that education protects individuals from development of vascular or neurodegenerative brain pathology. Instead, education seems to attenuate the impact of pathology on the clinical expression of dementia. The impact of cognitive lifestyle during midlife and late life and of structured cognitive intervention programs on the manifestation of dementia remains insufficiently explored.
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Dichgans et al. (2012) studied this question.
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