Deep immune profiling of patients with renal impairment unveils distinct immunotypes associated with disease severity

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is pathologically correlated with a sophisticated milieu of innate and adaptive immune dysregulation, but the underlying immunological disturbances remain poorly understood. Methods: To address this, we comprehensively interrogated cellular and soluble elements of the immune system by using high-dimensional flow cytometry to analyze peripheral blood mononuclear cells and performing cytokine/chemokine profiling of serum samples, respectively, in a cohort of 69 patients and 19 non-CKD controls. Results: monocytes was of particular value in early diagnosis. Conclusions: Our data unveil severity-specific immunological signatures perturbed in CKD patients.