Sustainable nutrient bioformulations derived from floral waste for improving growth performance of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

Floral residues are generated in large quantities but are commonly discarded, despite their richness in macro- and micro-nutrients. In this study, we explored the conversion of floral waste into nutrient-rich liquid (MNM- multi-nutrient mixture) using a low-cost fermentation approach. Two formulations were prepared: one produced by fermenting flower waste with cow urine (MNM1) and another using flower waste combined with jaggery solution (MNM2). Comprehensive nutrient profiling showed that both formulations contained substantial levels of essential elements, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper, and nickel. The growth-promoting efficiency of these formulations was evaluated on Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) under controlled experimental conditions. Both formulations significantly enhanced morphological, physiological, and yield-related traits compared with the untreated control plants. Application of the bioformulations enhanced fresh biomass by up to 40%, highlighting their effectiveness. Overall, the findings demonstrate that floral waste can be sustainably transformed into nutrient-rich bioinputs that enhance crop performance, contribute to the valorisation of organic waste, and promote environmental sustainability.