This paper discusses a test stand and methods used to determine static—isobaric, isotonic and isometric—characteristics of two pneumatic muscles: a Festo Fluidic Muscle MAS and a Shadow Air Muscle. The data obtained from the experiments were applied to analytically determine the equations of static characteristics of the pneumatic muscles. The equations were then employed to obtain simulated static characteristics. The experimental characteristics were compared with the simulated ones.
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Takosoglu et al. (2016) studied this question.
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