Propagation through a three-dimensional model of the sound–speed structure of an eddy is studied by means of a three-dimensional computer model based on the parabolic approximation to the reduced wave equation. Illustrations of the effect of the eddy on transmission loss in both vertical and horizontal planes are provided. Refractive variations cause a 20-km difference in the range of a given acoustic feature (such as a convergence zone) between the vertical plane through the eddy center and one exterior to the eddy. Eddy-induced variations on acoustic array performance are also considered. It is shown that an eddy can produce over one-half degree deviation in apparent source bearing angle. The influence on the acoustic 3-dB angular width and array signal gain are noted.
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Ralph N. Baer (1981) studied this question.