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. The mircrostructural analyses reveal that codoping of W and Sn stabilizes Ir with a valence state lower than 4+ through multistage charge redistribution, avoiding the overoxidation of Ir above 1.6 V versus RHE and enhancing the acidic OER performance. Additionally, density functional theory calculations reveal that codoping of W and Sn moves the d band center of Ir to the Fermi level, thus enhancing the binding energies of oxygen intermediates with Ir sites and decreasing the energy barrier toward acidic OER.
He et al. (2022) studied this question.