The ultrasonic vibration is used to refine the 316L weld metal microstructure. The test results show that the fraction of columnar dendritic microstructure in weld metal is as function of output of ultrasonic vibration. With the increase of the output from 0 to 90, the ratio of the columnar dendritic microstructure decrease significantly, from 95 % dendritic microstructure to 10 %.
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Cui et al. (2007) studied this question.
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