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) aggravated landscape fragmentation, and the landscape fragmented area had some overlap with the hot zone of SE. Additionally, the LUCC factor dominated by NDVI, landscape fragmentation factor and climate factor dominated by rainfall had a directly driving effect on SE, where the path coefficient of landscape fragmentation was 0.61 (P < 0.01), respectively. We also found that except increasing forest area, improving forest quality (NDVI, canopy closure, structure) deserved emphasized in SE management, and the effect of landscape fragmentation on SE also should not be ignored. Moreover, soil erosion assessment at large scales over long time periods tends to underestimate the driving force of rainfall on SE, and it is a great challenge to evaluate the effect of extreme rainfall on soil erosion at short time scales in a downscale manner. This research provides insights for ecological sustainable management and soil erosion protection policies.
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Wen et al. (2023) studied this question.
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