Health and ecological risk assessment and simulation of heavy metal-contaminated soil of Tehran landfill

). Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis showed input variables such as exposure duration, exposure frequency, Ni concentration, soil ingestion rate, and As concentration have a positive effect on ILCR of 41.3, 24.3, 9.4, 9.0, and 2.9% in children, respectively. These results indicate that the landfill soil and the adjacent residential area are affected by heavy metal contamination and that the current solid waste management policies need to be revised.