Citations of scientific articles have been used in recent years as measures of scientific accomplishments of an individual, a group, an institution, or a country, as well as for following the temporal evolution of science in general, or a certain field of science in particular.' The use of citations for this purpose has evoked a certain amount of criticism from some who have felt that, for a variety of reasons, such measures give an ambiguous or even misleading picture of scientific developments.2 Most of these critiques, however, have lacked the
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Moravcsik et al. (1975) studied this question.