Recent progress in functional modification and crosslinking of bioprosthetic heart valves

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Strategies for modifying glutaraldehyde crosslinked bioprosthetic heart valves with polymer hydrogel networks. (A) Hydrogel hybrid BHVs by incorporation of polymers through in situ polymerization of monomers with different charges. Reproduced with permission from ref [49]. Copyright 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry. (B) PEGMA hydrogel hybrid pre-mounted valves. Reproduced with permission from ref [50]. Copyright 2020 Royal Society of Chemistry. (C) PEGDA interfacial coating hybrid bioprosthetic valve. Reproduced with permission from ref [51]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (D) PEG-based coatings for bioprosthetic valve tissues. Reproduced with permission from ref [52]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.

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  Figure 2.. Chemical structures of natural product crosslinking agents for bioprosthetic heart valves.

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  Figure 3.. Photo-crosslinking strategies for bioprosthetic heart valves. (A) Riboflavin photo-crosslinking method for phenol grafted BHV matrix. Reproduced with permission from ref [98]. Copyright 2019 John Wiley and Sons. (B) Visible light-induced crosslinking of BHVs. Reproduced with permission from ref [99]. Copyright 2022 John Wiley and Sons. (C) Ultraviolet-induced crosslinking of BHVs. Reproduced with permission from ref [123]. Copyright 2020 Royal Society of Chemistry.

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  Figure 4.. Double-bond crosslinking strategies for bioprosthetic heart valves based on methacrylic anhydride. (A) MA-based double-bond crosslinking strategy. Reproduced with permission from ref [103]. Copyright 2018 Elsevier. (B) Preparation of poly-SBMA hybrid BHV. Reproduced with permission from ref [104]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier. (C) Preparation of REDV-loaded zwitterionic hydrogel functionalized BHV. Reproduced with permission from ref [114]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier.

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  Figure 5.. Double-bond crosslinking strategies for BHVs based on glycidyl methacrylate. (A) GMA-based double-bond crosslinking method. Reproduced with permission from ref [106]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (B) Preparation of hydrophobic polymer hybrid BHV. Reproduced with permission from ref [107]. Copyright 2021 John Wiley and Sons. (C) A rchcol III composited BHV obtained by GMA-based double-bond crosslinking. Reproduced with permission from ref [108]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier.