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The presence of water was found to have a significant impact on the conversion of some Hartwig-Buchwald reactions between amides with arylbromides. Seven amidation reactions were studied in a series of experiments containing 0-400 mol % water. When cesium carbonate is used as the base both in dioxane and toluene, water can have a beneficial effect. The experiments have also shown that for some reactions, anhydrous conditions are unnecessary and sometimes can hinder the reaction.
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Dallas et al. (2005) studied this question.
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