Randomized trial demonstrates singularity resolution and absence of absolute vacuum in black holes, suggesting profound implications for cosmology.
We derive the resolution of black hole singularities and the absence of absolute vacuum directly from the UD field equations. The structural constants π and e^π are obtained by rigorous analysis: π emerges as the first zero of the standing-wave quantization condition in the spherical black hole core, and e^π follows via analytic continuation of this condition across the exact U ↔ D duality boundary. In the black hole interior, confinement of the expansive field D_U via local normalization together with the standing-wave condition yields the minimum radius r_min = π/m_0. The same confinement drives a tachyonic instability diagnosed from the full 4×4 Hessian, generating repulsive quantum vacuum polarization that halts collapse. The analysis extends to rotating black holes via isotropization by D_U vacuum polarization. Black hole evaporation follows from the non-vanishing D_U energy-momentum tensor. In the exterior, the spatial condensate U_D induces metric corrections that provide a testable prediction for the photon sphere radius. The U ↔ D duality proves that absolute vacuum cannot exist. The cosmological constant problem is resolved by distinguishing the fluctuation energy density of D_U—confirmed by the Casimir effect—from the dark energy density carried independently by U_U. All results follow from the UD action without additional hypotheses or free parameters.
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Dan Zhu (2026) studied this question.
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