This study explores sustainable energy management approaches for a smart distribution network that combines multiple infrastructures, such as electric vehicle charging stations, hydrogen refueling facilities for fuel cell vehicles, and renewable energy systems integrated with hydrogen storage. These components are managed in a coordinated manner to satisfy both operational requirements and security criteria defined by the distribution system operator. A key feature of the hydrogen storage unit is its dual functionality, as it not only stores electrical energy but also supplies hydrogen to end users. The primary objective is to reduce overall energy losses within the distribution system. To accomplish this, the research considers several important factors, including AC power flow modeling, grid voltage operational and security constraints, system flexibility, environmental restrictions, operational characteristics of electric vehicles charging and hydrogen stations, and performance models of renewable energy systems coupled with hydrogen storage. Furthermore, the proposed framework accounts for uncertainties related to load demand, renewable generation, and variations in the number of electric vehicles by applying a scenario-based stochastic optimization technique. The findings demonstrate significant enhancements in both system performance and security. In particular, the proposed method decreases voltage deviations, power losses, and peak load capacity by approximately 24.4%, 32.8%, and 38.3%, respectively, compared to conventional load flow analyses. Moreover, voltage security within the network is improved by nearly 10.2%, confirming the efficiency of the proposed integrated energy management strategy.
Alabdullh et al. (2026) studied this question.